ISOROKU YAMAMOTO
(1884 - 1943)
Isoroku Yamamoto was the outstanding Japanese naval commander of World War II.
Born Isoroku Sadayoshi in the village of Kushigun Sonshomura on Hokkaido. He
enrolled at the Naval Academy at Etajima, Hiroshima in 1896, graduating in 1904.
In 1905 during the war with Russia he saw action as an ensign on the cruiser
Nisshin in at the Battle of Tsushima against the Russian Baltic Fleet and was
slightly injured. After the war he went with various ships all over the Pacific.
In 1913 he went to the Naval Staff College at Tsukiji, a sign that he was being
groomed for the high command. Upon graduation in 1916, he was appointed to the
staff of the Second Battle Squadron and was adopted by the Yamamoto family. From
1919-1921 he studied at Harvard University. Promoted to Commander apon his
return to Japan he taught at the staff college before being sent to the new air-training
centre at Kasumigaura in 1924 to direct it and to learn to fly. From 1926 to
1928, he was naval attache to the Japanese embassy in Washington. He was then
appointed to the Naval Affairs bureau and made Rear Admiral, he attended the
London Naval Conference in 1930. Back to Japan he joined the Naval Aviation
bureau and from 1933 headed the bureau and directed the entire navy air program.
In December 1936, Yamamoto was made vice minister of the Japanese navy, from
which position he argued passionately for more naval air power and opposed the
construction of new battleships. He also opposed the invasion of Manchuria and
the army hopes for an alliance with Germany. When Japanese planes attacked a US
gunboat on the Yangtze River in December 1937 he apologised personally to the
American Ambassador. He became the target for right-wing assassination attempts,
the entire Naval ministry had to be placed under constant guard. However on
August 30, 1939 Yamamoto was promoted to full Admiral and appointed commander-in-chief
of the entire fleet.
Yamamoto did not soften his logical anti-conflict stance, when the Japan signed
the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy in September 1940, Yamamoto warned
Premier Konoe Fumimaro not to consider war with the United States: "If I am told
to fight... I shall run wild for the first six months... but I have utterly no
confidence for the second or third year." He also accurately envisaged the "island-hopping"
and air dominance tactics such a war would have. His foresight also led him to
believe that a pre-emptive strike against US Navy forces would be vital if war
did occur.
Following the invasion of Indochina and the freezing of Japanese assets by the
US in July 1941, Yamamoto won the argument over tactics and when in December war
was declared the entire First Fleet air arm under Admiral Nagumo Chuichi was
directed against the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, attacking on December 7.
With around 350 planes launched from six carriers, eighteen American warships
were sunk or disabled. Nagumo's failure to order a second search-and-strike
against the American carriers and Yamamoto's disinclination to press him turned
a tactical victory into a strategic defeat.
In the movies Tora! Tora! Tora! and Pearl Harbor, Yamamoto's character says,
after the attack on Pearl Harbor, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a
sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve." Considerable doubt exists,
though, whether he actually ever said (or wrote) anything like that; it was
probably invented for the movies.
Yamamato directed operations for the Battle of Java Sea on February 27-28, 1942.
Without airpower playing a significant role and fought almost entirely by
cruisers the Japanese defeated a combined force of Dutch, British, and American
ships, thereby enabling Japan to seize Java.
Yamamoto then decided on an ambitious plan to defeat the American Pacific Fleet
in a decisive battle. He chose the atoll of Midway Island as a strategic target
that if the Japanese occupied it would draw out the American carriers. Yamamoto
intended to drawn the Americans into a ambush to destroy the carriers. Yamamoto
believed that if Japan did not soon win a decisive battle, defeat was simply a
matter of time.
Yamamoto had at his disposal a massive fleet of some 250 ships, including eight
carriers. Yamamoto's strategy was a very complex series of feints and
diversionary attacks to trap the Americans. Unfortunately for the Japanese the
Americans were well aware of the plan. Decoded intercepts of communications
meant that by the end of May, the United States knew the date and place of the
operation, as well as the composition of the Japanese forces. Compounding this
there was poor communication on the Japanese side and the commanders were
inadequately prepared.
The Battle of Midway, from June 4 to 6, 1942, was another aircraft only clash
and a disaster for the Japanese, losing four carriers to the American loss of
one and 3,500 men to only around 300 American dead.
Yamamoto never recovered from the defeat at Midway although he remained in
command. He directed the Solomons campaign and realising the strategic
importance of Battle of Guadalcanal, he initiated the efforts to remove the
American troops who had landed on August 7, 1942. Yamamoto's forces suffered
huge losses before he conceded that he could not could not dislodge the
Americans. On January 4, 1943, he ordered the evacuation of the island. The
actual evacuation was a tactical masterwork.
To boost morale following Guadalcanal, Yamamoto decided to make a inspection
tour throughout the South Pacific. In April 1943, U.S. intelligence intercepted
and decrypted reports of the tour. Eighteen American P-38 aircraft flew from
Henderson Field, Guadalcanal to ambush Yamamoto in the air. On April 18, his
transport aircraft was shot down near Kahili in Bougainville.
(1884 - 1943)
Isoroku Yamamoto was the outstanding Japanese naval commander of World War II.
Born Isoroku Sadayoshi in the village of Kushigun Sonshomura on Hokkaido. He
enrolled at the Naval Academy at Etajima, Hiroshima in 1896, graduating in 1904.
In 1905 during the war with Russia he saw action as an ensign on the cruiser
Nisshin in at the Battle of Tsushima against the Russian Baltic Fleet and was
slightly injured. After the war he went with various ships all over the Pacific.
In 1913 he went to the Naval Staff College at Tsukiji, a sign that he was being
groomed for the high command. Upon graduation in 1916, he was appointed to the
staff of the Second Battle Squadron and was adopted by the Yamamoto family. From
1919-1921 he studied at Harvard University. Promoted to Commander apon his
return to Japan he taught at the staff college before being sent to the new air-training
centre at Kasumigaura in 1924 to direct it and to learn to fly. From 1926 to
1928, he was naval attache to the Japanese embassy in Washington. He was then
appointed to the Naval Affairs bureau and made Rear Admiral, he attended the
London Naval Conference in 1930. Back to Japan he joined the Naval Aviation
bureau and from 1933 headed the bureau and directed the entire navy air program.
In December 1936, Yamamoto was made vice minister of the Japanese navy, from
which position he argued passionately for more naval air power and opposed the
construction of new battleships. He also opposed the invasion of Manchuria and
the army hopes for an alliance with Germany. When Japanese planes attacked a US
gunboat on the Yangtze River in December 1937 he apologised personally to the
American Ambassador. He became the target for right-wing assassination attempts,
the entire Naval ministry had to be placed under constant guard. However on
August 30, 1939 Yamamoto was promoted to full Admiral and appointed commander-in-chief
of the entire fleet.
Yamamoto did not soften his logical anti-conflict stance, when the Japan signed
the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy in September 1940, Yamamoto warned
Premier Konoe Fumimaro not to consider war with the United States: "If I am told
to fight... I shall run wild for the first six months... but I have utterly no
confidence for the second or third year." He also accurately envisaged the "island-hopping"
and air dominance tactics such a war would have. His foresight also led him to
believe that a pre-emptive strike against US Navy forces would be vital if war
did occur.
Following the invasion of Indochina and the freezing of Japanese assets by the
US in July 1941, Yamamoto won the argument over tactics and when in December war
was declared the entire First Fleet air arm under Admiral Nagumo Chuichi was
directed against the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, attacking on December 7.
With around 350 planes launched from six carriers, eighteen American warships
were sunk or disabled. Nagumo's failure to order a second search-and-strike
against the American carriers and Yamamoto's disinclination to press him turned
a tactical victory into a strategic defeat.
In the movies Tora! Tora! Tora! and Pearl Harbor, Yamamoto's character says,
after the attack on Pearl Harbor, "I fear all we have done is to awaken a
sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve." Considerable doubt exists,
though, whether he actually ever said (or wrote) anything like that; it was
probably invented for the movies.
Yamamato directed operations for the Battle of Java Sea on February 27-28, 1942.
Without airpower playing a significant role and fought almost entirely by
cruisers the Japanese defeated a combined force of Dutch, British, and American
ships, thereby enabling Japan to seize Java.
Yamamoto then decided on an ambitious plan to defeat the American Pacific Fleet
in a decisive battle. He chose the atoll of Midway Island as a strategic target
that if the Japanese occupied it would draw out the American carriers. Yamamoto
intended to drawn the Americans into a ambush to destroy the carriers. Yamamoto
believed that if Japan did not soon win a decisive battle, defeat was simply a
matter of time.
Yamamoto had at his disposal a massive fleet of some 250 ships, including eight
carriers. Yamamoto's strategy was a very complex series of feints and
diversionary attacks to trap the Americans. Unfortunately for the Japanese the
Americans were well aware of the plan. Decoded intercepts of communications
meant that by the end of May, the United States knew the date and place of the
operation, as well as the composition of the Japanese forces. Compounding this
there was poor communication on the Japanese side and the commanders were
inadequately prepared.
The Battle of Midway, from June 4 to 6, 1942, was another aircraft only clash
and a disaster for the Japanese, losing four carriers to the American loss of
one and 3,500 men to only around 300 American dead.
Yamamoto never recovered from the defeat at Midway although he remained in
command. He directed the Solomons campaign and realising the strategic
importance of Battle of Guadalcanal, he initiated the efforts to remove the
American troops who had landed on August 7, 1942. Yamamoto's forces suffered
huge losses before he conceded that he could not could not dislodge the
Americans. On January 4, 1943, he ordered the evacuation of the island. The
actual evacuation was a tactical masterwork.
To boost morale following Guadalcanal, Yamamoto decided to make a inspection
tour throughout the South Pacific. In April 1943, U.S. intelligence intercepted
and decrypted reports of the tour. Eighteen American P-38 aircraft flew from
Henderson Field, Guadalcanal to ambush Yamamoto in the air. On April 18, his
transport aircraft was shot down near Kahili in Bougainville.